Original Title: What You Want to Know About Masks — — Questions and Answers on the Selection and Use of Masks 1. What are the classifications of masks? ？ There are many ways to classify masks, and the common masks on the market are: 1) Ordinary fabric masks (such as paper masks, cotton masks, activated carbon masks, sponge masks, etc.): The material may be cotton, gauze, wool, canvas and velvet, etc. Because the material itself is not dense enough, it can not prevent infection. 2) Disposable masks (such as nursing masks, ordinary medical masks, surgical mask, etc.): can prevent respiratory tract infection to a certain extent, but cannot prevent haze. 3) Protective mask (such as KN95, N95 mask, etc.): It can effectively prevent respiratory tract infection and haze. ２. What are the recommended types of masks and who should use them? ？ (I) Medical masks and medical nursing masks: recommended for use by the public in non-crowded public places. (II) Medical surgical mask: The protective effect is better than that of disposable medical mask. It is recommended that suspected cases, public transport drivers, taxi drivers, sanitation workers and public place service personnel wear it while on duty. (III) Medical protective mask: It is recommended to be worn by medical staff in fever clinics, isolation wards and confirmed patients during transfer. Tips: surgical mask, medical protective mask, N95 and FFP2 can be used for protection in medical institutions. KN95 cannot be used in medical institutions, but ordinary people can choose it by themselves. 3. What are the characteristics of different medical masks? ？ Expand the full text 4. What are the standards of masks? ？ 5. What are the standards and characteristics of common medical masks at present? ？ 1) Medical mask and medical nursing mask. Some of them adopt YY0969 standard. This type of mask is generally managed according to medical devices (with equipment name), but the product implementation standard refers to the attached standard of medical device registration/filing, mostly enterprise standards, self-designed and manufactured, generally unable to guarantee the filterability of bacteria and dust, generally used for routine care in hospitals, the main role is to block the daily cross-contamination between medical staff and patients. There are no particularly high requirements. 2) Medical surgical mask. It is defined as "medical surgical mask worn by clinical medical staff in invasive operation environment, which provides protection for patients receiving treatment and medical staff performing invasive operation, and prevents the transmission of blood,KN95 Face Mask with Five Layers, body fluids and splashes, and is the mask worn by medical staff at work". This type of respirator must be produced in accordance with YY 0469-2011 Technical Requirements for surgical mask, and has requirements for bacterial filtering performance. Generally, the filtration efficiency for non-oily particles should be more than 30%, and the filtration efficiency for bacteria should be more than 95% (note that this is not the meaning of N95, do not confuse with medical protective respirator). In addition, surgical mask also has the requirement of synthetic blood penetration (which can be simply understood as impermeability). When making masks, enterprises usually divide them into three layers: the internal absorbent layer, the middle filter layer, and the external waterproof layer. Each layer has a special role. It conforms to the surgical mask of YY0469. Because its tightness with the face is not as good as that of medical protective masks, it is generally not used for the protection of high-risk operations,KN95 Face Mask, but it can meet the operation of ordinary risks. _ 6. Common protective masks What is the difference between N95 and KN95? 1) N95 mask. N95 mask is one of the nine particulate respirators certified by NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). N "means not resistant to oil." "95" means that the concentration of particles inside the mask is more than 95% lower than that outside the mask when exposed to the specified number of special test particles. Masks are divided into KN and KP according to the efficiency level of filter elements. Because of the different workplaces, the particles that people are exposed to can generally be divided into two categories: oily and non-oily. The masks used to protect non-oily particles are "KN" type masks, while the masks used to protect oily particles are "KP" type masks; The chemical industry is more exposed to oily particles (such as paraffin oil vapor), so KP masks are mainly used in the chemical industry (although KP masks only detect oily particles, they can still be used for the protection of non-oily particles, many KP masks can be used for the public to prevent haze, not only in the chemical industry); Other industries, including ordinary civil use, mainly use KN-type masks. However, this series of standard masks have no protective requirements for liquid penetration and are not recommended for professional medical protection. 7. Since KN series masks are not waterproof, can they be applied to the medical environment after being protected by a protective screen? Type KN mask of GB2626 can not be used for medical operations, especially for high-risk operations such as tracheotomy and tracheal intubation, which may splash, because it can not guarantee that the mask is not wet. If you use a KN series mask and add a protective screen to ensure that the mask will not be soaked, it may indeed prevent the liquid outside the mask. However, the water on the outside of the mask is prevented, but it can not prevent the infiltration of water generated by breathing on the inside of the mask. Wearing it for a long time will also cause the mask to soak and increase its permeability, which will greatly reduce its protective effect. At present, there is an extreme shortage of materials. If only KN series masks and protective screens can be used for personal protection, the wearing time must be controlled and the masks must be replaced immediately when they are wet. _ 8. What other standard labels of masks are available in the international market? ？ N95 mask: American standard NIOSH, filtration efficiency of non-oily particles ≥ 95 percent FFP2 respirator: European standard EN149-2001 KF94 mask: Korean standard DS2 Mask: National Specification of the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan 9. Use Is the coronavirus of N95 mask better than the surgical mask? The most important feature of N95 mask is that it can prevent droplet transmission caused by splashing of body fluids or blood from patients. Droplets are 1 to 5 microns in diameter. Taking coronavirus as an example (2019-nCoV is a kind of coronavirus), the average diameter is about 100 nm, 3 Ply Disposable Protective Face Mask ,Quickly Delivery Disposable Protective Clothing, that is, 0.1 μm, plus the transmission vector, for example, the diameter of droplets is about 1-5 μm, while the filtration effect of N95 on 0.3 μm non-oily particles is ≥ 95%, N95 can achieve effective filtration. There is no evidence that N95 mask is better than surgical mask in clinical practice. 10. National Health Commission in this outbreak What type of mask is recommended? On January 26, the General Office of the National Health Commission issued the Guidelines for the Use of Common Medical Protective Equipment in the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia Infected by New coronavirus (Trial), which clearly States that: 1. (Medical) surgical masks; 2. Medical protective masks. Surgical mask: It should be used in pre-examination triage, fever clinic and the whole hospital diagnosis and treatment area, and it should be worn correctly. Replace at any time in case of contamination or moisture. Medical protective mask: In principle, it is used in fever clinic, isolation observation ward (room), isolation ward (room), isolation intensive care unit (room) and other areas, as well as when collecting respiratory tract specimens, tracheal intubation, tracheotomy, non-invasive ventilation, sputum aspiration and other operations that may produce aerosols. Replace it within 4 hours generally, and replace it at any time when it is polluted or wet. Other areas and diagnosis and treatment operations in other areas are not used in principle. 11. What are the specific national requirements for the use of masks to prevent pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus infection? ？ On January 30, 2020, the National Health Commission issued the Guidelines for the Protection of People at Different Risks of New coronavirus Infection and the Guidelines for the Use of Pneumonia Masks to Prevent New coronavirus Infection, with the following specific requirements: (1) Wearing principle The basic principles are scientific and reasonable wearing, standardized use and effective protection. Details are as follows: 1.1 It is not necessary to wear masks in open and ventilated places in non-epidemic areas, but it is necessary to wear masks when entering crowded or closed public places. 1.2 It is recommended to wear disposable medical masks in open and ventilated places with high incidence of epidemic; wear surgical mask or particulate protective masks when entering crowded or closed public places. 1.3 Wear a particulate matter protective mask without exhalation valve or a medical protective mask when you go to the hospital with suspected symptoms. 1.4 Patients with underlying respiratory diseases should use protective masks under the guidance of doctors. Very young infants can not wear masks, which can easily cause asphyxia. 1.5 Cotton gauze masks, sponge masks and activated carbon masks have no protective effect on the prevention of viral infection. (2) Recommended types of masks and objects of use 1.1 Disposable medical masks: It is recommended that the public use them in non-crowded public places. 1.2 Medical surgical mask: The protective effect is better than that of disposable medical mask. It is recommended that suspected cases, public transport drivers, taxi drivers, sanitation workers and public place service personnel wear it while on duty. 1.3 Protective mask for particles of KN95/N95 and above: The protective effect is better than that of surgical mask and disposable medical masks. It is recommended for on-site investigation, sampling and testing personnel. The public can also wear it in highly crowded places or closed public places. 1.4 Medical protective mask: It is recommended to be worn by medical staff in fever clinics, isolation wards and confirmed patients during transfer. (3) Principles for handling masks after use 1.1 Masks worn by healthy people have no risk of transmission of the novel coronavirus, and are generally replaced when the masks are deformed, wet or dirty, resulting in reduced protective performance. Masks used by healthy people can be disposed of according to the requirements of domestic waste classification. 1.2 Masks worn by suspected cases or confirmed patients should not be discarded at will, but should be regarded as medical waste, handled strictly in accordance with the relevant procedures of medical waste, and should not enter the circulation market. (4) Standards and precautions for children to wear masks 1.1 Children shall carefully read and correctly understand the instructions with the help of their parents before wearing, so as to master the correct use of respiratory protective equipment; 1.2 Parents should always pay attention to the wearing of children's masks. If children feel uncomfortable in the process of wearing masks, they should adjust or stop using them in time; 1.3 Due to the small face shape of the child, it is not recommended for the child to wear an adult mask with sealing requirements because it cannot be fully sealed with the edge of the adult mask. 12. How to correctly use and wear surgical mask? ？ Image from Guidelines for Public Protection of Pneumonia Infected by New coronavirus. 13. Is the mask effective all the time? ？ Can the respirator with breathing valve be used? No matter what type of mask, the protective effect is limited, must be replaced regularly, preferably every 2 to 4 hours. Because doctors and patients wearing masks can not guarantee that they are healthy and virus-free (infectious during the incubation period), and the airflow of masks with exhalation valves is only one-way protection, which can not cut off the transmission route very well. From the perspective of epidemic control, two-way protection is the most correct way, so masks with exhalation valves are not recommended for current medical institutions. (The GB 19083 also explicitly mentions that "there shall be no breather valve".) 14. In daily life How to deal with medical masks after use? 15. How to wear masks for special groups ？ (1) Pregnant women wearing protective masks should pay attention to their own conditions and choose products with better comfort. (2) The elderly and patients with chronic heart and lung diseases will feel uncomfortable after wearing it, and even aggravate the original condition, so they should seek professional guidance from doctors. (3) Children are in the stage of growth and development, and their faces are small, so children's protective masks should be chosen. In order to avoid asphyxia, it is not recommended to wear masks for infants under one year old, and it is recommended to give priority to home-based quarantine protection. 16. The coronavirus is very small. Can it be blocked by wearing a mask? Masks are useful. Because the function of masks is to block the [carrier] of virus transmission, not to block the virus directly. There are two common modes of transmission of respiratory viruses: close contact and long-distance aerosol transmission. The so-called [aerosol], generally we can contact is the patient's droplets. Wearing a mask properly can effectively block the droplets and prevent the virus from entering the human body directly. We need to remind you that it is not necessary to wear KN95 or N95 mask, the general surgical mask can also block most of the virus stuck to the droplets into the respiratory tract. 17. Is it possible to completely isolate infection by wearing a mask? ？ In addition to the filtering efficiency of the mask material, the protective effect is also highly related to the tightness of the face. Therefore, in addition to choosing the appropriate type of mask, it is also necessary to ensure that the position of the mask is correct and tightly fitted, leaving no gaps. When wearing a mask, exercise and talk as little as possible to avoid the deformation of the mask. If the mask is worn for more than the required time or the mask is contaminated, deformed or wet, please change the mask in time. 18. Is it better to wear more layers of masks? ？ As far as medical masks are concerned, as long as qualified products are worn correctly, only one can achieve the desired protective effect. Multiple overlapping can not increase the protective effect, and the key indicator of mask protection is air tightness,Full Body Disposable Coverall, just like: if the door is not closed tightly, no matter how thick the door is, it will not prevent theft. Source: Healthy China Return to Sohu to see more Responsible Editor:. zjyuan-group.com

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